Past Present And Future Of Mcdonalds Marketing Essay

Past Present And Future Of Mcdonalds Marketing Essay McDonalds is the biggest chain of drive-thru eatery that has some expertise in making quality cheeseburgers around the world. This inexpensive food chain eatery has more than 62 cafés worldwide with its essence in more than 41 nations. McDonalds is occupied with various activities everywhere throughout the world that characterize its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). CSR calls for organizations to act in a dependable way socially while conveying their command to general society. Additionally, CSR likewise envelops the companys social conduct while managing different organizations and colleagues who work with it. McDonalds along these lines owes loads of duty in its tasks socially to people in general just as its vital colleagues. The chain café likewise runs a few establishments which infer that it manages a few key colleagues. The expansion in open mindfulness has brought CSR into the spotlight as organizations look to consolidate this social obligation it its arrangements. McDonalds has various CSR driven exercises and systems that will be considered in this paper The point of this examination paper is to consider the past, present just as the future Corporate Social Responsibility and business morals that McDonalds has towards nature. McDonalds has opened a wide range of outlets and diversified a few drive-through eatery outlets too. This along these lines suggests that it must consider its social duty towards the earth as it tries to venture into the new market. Corporate Social Responsibility frequently gives the organization an edge against its rivals. Taking everything into account, the paper will consider a portion of the CSR and business ethic procedures at present utilized by McDonalds while directing its business. McDonalds has likewise started different projects planned for building up its CSR path past the not so distant future. Accordingly, the organization is submitted towards conveying its social obligation to the market and the prompt environs. It is along these lines suggested that McDonalds should accomplices with other likeminded drive-thru eateries so as to convey its CSR later on. McDonalds ought to likewise contrast its business morals and those of different organizations and guarantee that it is as one with different companys business morals. This will help in conveying a compelling CSR. Substance Official Summary 1 Presentation 3 Point and Purpose 3 Circumstance Analysis 4 Elements and Discussion 4 Qualities 4 Practical gracefully chain 5 Sustenance and prosperity 6 Ecological obligation 7 Work experience 8 Network duty 9 End 10 Proposal 11 Works Cited 12 Presentation This report will help McDonalds in distinguishing its center CSR techniques that will move its business objectives into what's to come. The report likewise recognizes the business morals that McDonalds has drilled after some time and the effect of these business morals to its vital accomplices and clients. This report is hence a pointer of how well McDonalds is conveying its CSR and business morals. McDonalds being the universes biggest burger chain drive-through joint owes the condition a ton as far as its Corporate Social Responsibility. Nature for this situation infers its clients, colleagues just as people in general on the loose. The firm has assumed an enormous job in the past towards preserving nature. What's more, McDonalds keeps on building up an economical gracefully chain to help its providers and wholesalers in this manner guaranteeing that there is persistent progression of business. McDonalds CSR spins around supportability. This is on the grounds that the firm distinguishes that through maintainability, it will have the option to get consistent items that it uses to make the burgers just as other inexpensive food items. Manageability additionally helps McDonalds as in it will have the option to continue its dissemination systems, in this way profiting an entire chain of merchants and providers. Point and Purpose This report on the CSR and business morals for McDonalds will help the administration and administrators in the leading body of McDonalds to more readily convey their CSR to their key colleagues and people in general all in all. The report likewise lights up zones that maybe McDonalds ought to consider consolidating into its CSR plan for the following working year. This report will expect certain elements. Right off the bat, that McDonalds CSR is uniform all through all the nations that it works drive-through joints in. furthermore, the report will likewise expect that the CSR and business morals that McDonalds has actualized and will execute have increased general acknowledgment among its colleagues, clients and people in general when all is said in done. The restrictions to this investigation incorporate the way that a portion of the CSR methodologies that McDonalds has actualized are difficult to gauge. A large portion of the business morals must be clarified yet can't be estimated in distinct terms. Indeed, McDonalds can't set up the degree of progress that it has accomplished in the past with respect to the CSR methodologies. Circumstance Analysis In every single nation, McDonalds has flourishes to build up a menu that fits the preferences and culture of the individuals in those nations. This has made McDonalds one of a kind in its conveyance of fine and quality cheap food items. Its CSR techniques have helped it to recognize the necessities of the individuals inside these goals and grow inexpensive food arrangements that best meets their requirements. McDonalds is along these lines aware of its clients various necessities. Likewise, McDonalds endeavors to advance solid weight control plans that advantage its client. Examination uncovers that cheap food items are bad for the wellbeing, particularly for the heart just as the liver. Nonetheless, McDonalds debates this by creating and making inexpensive food items that are liberated from cholesterol, fat that causes heart infections. The firm has likewise won a few honors in condition preservation and business affectability. McDonalds has no sexual orientation imbalance while utilizing its staff from the areas where it has extended. The organization wants to have prepared and retrained every one of its representatives in their particular fields before the finish of 2012 (May, Cheney and Roper, p.32). As indicated by a representative at the drive-through joint in Europe, McDonalds is maybe the best manager and consistently tunes in to the requirements and requests of the staff; the work condition is one to kick the bucket for. Variables and Discussion This segment will recognize the different CSR methodologies that McDonalds has executed before, present and the fate of these procedures. The variables are distinguishes in the following sections. Qualities McDonalds basic beliefs are totally planned for advancing the Corporate Social Responsibility of the firm. This is accomplished through offering an incentive to the clients, the flexibly chain just as the different colleagues with whom McDonalds works together. McDonalds without a doubt recognizes the way that its clients are the purpose for its prosperity and presence. In this way, the clients are a lot of esteemed inside the organization. The organization accordingly endeavors to make a warm and inviting condition for its clients. Furthermore, McDonalds values its workers and states that it is submitted towards the vocation development and improvement of its representatives through an exhaustive preparing plan. This is maybe the best CSR that McDonalds has. McDonalds trusts in enabling and esteeming the workers for expanded duty from them and their proceeded with progress. McDonalds additionally keeps up high business morals and hence leads its business with high moral gauges (Fisher and Lovell, p.33). The organization leads its business with high respectability, genuineness and reasonableness for every one of its clients and providers. McDonalds additionally values the network where it works and endeavors to offer back to the general public through supporting different network activities, for example, training. McDonalds has confidence in improving the world a spot (Johnson and Turner, p.112). McDonalds being an open organization esteems doing gainful business with every one of its partners. The organization in this manner lays a lot of accentuation on beneficial business while implementing its business morals over the entirety of its auxiliaries. This is accomplished through keeping up high moral measures. McDonalds consistently endeavors to exceed expectations in whatever field it embraces to work in. consistent improvement is accomplished inside the organization through kept preparing and advancement. Along these lines, McDonalds has developed to turn into the universes biggest cheap food chain of eateries through its dedication towards accomplishing its CSR just as keeping up great business morals. As indicated by Richardson (p.16), McDonalds has made a lot of progress through its cooperative attitude activities around the world, thus numerous clients relate to the positive side of the organization. Practical flexibly chain McDonalds providers are required to cling to the exacting Code of Conduct which improves the flexibly chain guaranteeing that the cheap food goliath gets the best quality items as crude material for setting up the drive-thru eateries. The firm qualities its gracefully chain in such a way, that it is highly unlikely a low quality item can get to the organizations creation unit. What's more, there are governing rules to guarantee that simply the best crude materials are utilized to get ready cheap food items. These governing rules regularly include enabling the providers to flexibly quality items through preparing programs. In 2007, McDonalds built up a solid flexibly chain office which guarantees that the quality principles for its providers are consistently met by the providers (Hanekamp, p.14). The intricacy of the flexibly chain requires that McDonalds keeps up a viable correspondence among its providers so as to take care of and turn away issues at a beginning period. McDonalds consistently buys its items from providers who just conform to the set up set of principles in this way guaranteeing proceeded with quality norms adherence (Gitman and McDaniel, p.34). Furt

Productive Opportunity Essay Example for Free

Beneficial Opportunity Essay Beneficial open doors relies upon numerous things, the headway of innovation, the accessibility and access to assets, and furthermore what makers and business people can consider at the given time. Picking a mix of profitable and budgetary open doors help amplify riches. They key in finding a profitable open door is a high level of attention to the elements that mutilate judgment An ideal capital market is when purchasing and selling don't influence costs. â€Å"In an ideal capital market the organization is viewed distinctly as a methods for producing riches, on the grounds that the current estimation of the dollar returns it creates is the main component pertinent to its proprietors. † Understanding your asset, assets is a source or gracefully from which an association picks up benefit. Regularly assets are materials or different resources that are changed to deliver advantage and in the process might be expended or made inaccessible. From a human viewpoint a characteristic asset is anything gotten from nature to fulfill human needs and needs. Associations work by individuals deciding. An administrator designs and composes a group by executing choices. The viability and nature of those choices decides how effective an administrator is. With this being said â€Å"the objective of the director and proprietor continue as before insofar as market esteem is maximized.† Opportunity is surrounding us however yet simultaneously now and then we never observe it. In business we search for better approaches to advertise our business, arrive at our objective market, expand on online network and through this all we disregard the open door that is surrounding us. We are figuring out how to make opportunity my augmenting our fairly estimated worth. Taking everything into account, â€Å"in an ideal capital market, the market estimation of the ï ¬ rm is resolved distinctly by the money ï ¬â€šows it can produce and not by the wellspring of assets used to ï ¬ nance those activities. The assignment of the executives is to make riches by ï ¬ nding beneficial open doors with normal paces of return surpassing the market pace of interest.† Fabozzi, Frank J. (2011-12-01). Budgetary Economics (Page 46). Wiley. Arouse Edition.

37 Gorgeous Illustrated Covers Featuring People of Color The List List #347

37 Gorgeous Illustrated Covers Featuring People of Color The List List #347 This weeks The List List is sponsored by Flatiron Books, publishers of I Know Who You Are by Alice Feeney. Meet Aimee Sinclair: the actress everyone thinks they know but can’t remember where from. Except one person. Someone knows Aimee very well. They know who she is and they know what she did. at Autostraddle, 8 Crime Books Featuring Women Loving Women Other Queer People at Brit+Co, 3 New Books About Shifting Relationship Dynamics at Brightly, 6 Picture Books that Make the Sweetest Gifts for Moms at Bookish, Five Great Book Club Books for Foodies at Bustle, 8 Books About Beyoncé, Feminism, and Music to Read After You Finish Queen Bey by Veronica Chambers at Buzzfeed, 8 Author-Owned Bookstores Every Book Lover Needs to Visit at ElectricLit, 7 Honest Books About Hoaxes at EpicReads, 37 Gorgeous Illustrated Book Covers Featuring People of Color at Quirk Books, Best Breakups in Literature at Read It Forward, 40 Best True Crime Books of All Time at Riveted, 6 Books About Introverts for Introverts at Tor, 5 Books Where the Hero Doesnt Save the Day

Community Crime Profile Survey Essay - 2427 Words

Community Crime Profile Survey with Questions nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The small community of Hasbrouck Heights, NJ is the one square mile home to a comparatively tiny population of approximately 7,600 people, including myself. I live on a residential street of this small suburban town where a great threat of danger and harm has never really been associated with its name. The crime rate on the city-data.com crime index is a minute 35.6 when compared to the U.S. average of 330.6. In the year of 2002 Wood-Ridge did not experience any murders, rapes, or robberies, and only 1 assault, 35 larceny counts, and 7 auto thefts. This is the main reason why all parties who were surveyed either felt very safe or somewhat safe living their lives†¦show more content†¦Residents feel that the youths hanging out is just a brewing pot for trouble. This problem can be fixed by many members of the community with one major idea, give the kids something to do! The town already has in place what is referred to as â€Å"Teen Nights,† hel d by the Hasbrouck Heights Recreation Commission. The problem with these â€Å"Teen Nights† is that it involves a minute amount of the teens in this area. It involves only 7th and 8th graders. What about the high schoolers? They’re the ones who get bored most easily. To resolve this problem, the need for community support is at its peak. If different organizations would pitch in and sponsor some special nights for the teens to get together, there would be fewer nights for kids to roam the streets. The churches could pitch in by opening up their basements, for a few nights throughout the year and hold different functions, like dances or have guest speakers or comedians. The YMCA program that is offered to children in the elementary school could be expanded to the twelfth grade, not only providing a place for youth to go, but a place where they can be active. Also local restaurants can hold such things as a dinner dance every once in a while only expecting a small fee in return. Another place that could be rented out for teens can be the halls where Knights of Columbus, the VFW, or the Elks club resides. Another predominant group who can become involved areShow MoreRelatedProfessional Racism and Discrimination1117 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieving an individual is suspicious of committing a crime. Discriminatory or abusive behavior towards people of color affects the justice system and violates people’s human rights. The LAPD continues to use racial profiling against mostly African-Americans and Latinos. The use of racial profiling by the LAPD prevents the police from serving the whole community. 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The Odyssey By Homer, Annotated Bibliography Essay

he Odyssey, as written by Homer, intricately and excitingly weaves Colin Renfrew’s Subsystem Theories throughout the entire play. Many of the five subsystem theories can be seen and support understanding of the novel. Of the five systems, trade/communication, social/ political hierarchy and symbolic subsystems will be the focus of analysis in this paper. All of these subsystems come together in The Odyssey to explain the characters and their lives, and also how they fit into the society which they live in. To understand the growth and development of the characters, we must understand the systems theories, â€Å"many human actions have a meaning at several different levels, with undertones and overtones†¦ it is the complex interconnectedness of the subsystems which gives human culture its unique potential for growth.† As this paper will demonstrate within The Odyssey, trade and communication, social and political hierarchy and lastly symbolic subsystems create adve nture in Odysseus’s harrowing, yet exciting journey back to his kingdom and family. These specific subsystems add depth and excitement because we see how each specific one impacts Odysseus’s journey back home. They help us understand who Odysseus is a man and sympathize with all that he goes through. The communication subsystem helps explain how communication between people (and gods) in different lands aid to the success of his return home. We are able to see from the social subsystem how Odysseus and other menShow MoreRelated The Navigation of Christopher Columbus and the Age of Discovery4963 Words   |  20 Pagesnavigation--it was the Phoenicians who taught the Greeks the use of the pole star as a direction guide--it is the Greeks who generally come to mind first, largely as a result of myths such as Jason and the Argonauts, and Homers epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. For thousands of years, these works were considered to be nothing more than heroic fantasies ab out the distant past, but this was to change dramatically after the discovery of the legendary city of Troy, by Heinrich Schliemann, in 1870, revealedRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pages[ancient Rome; 50 BCE to 500 CE] 31 The Middle Ages [500 to 1500 CE] 31 The European Renaissance [1500-1650 CE] 32 The 17th Century 34 The 18th and Early 19th Centuries 35 The Victorians: The Golden Age 36 Twentieth Century: Widening Worlds 38 9. Bibliography 38 1. Introduction In 1817 Robert Bloomfield, author of The History of Little Davy’s New Hat, wrote: ‘The longer I live †¦ the more I am convinced of the importance of children’s books.’ That similar statements are still being made two hundred

Ethics and Human Resources Free Essays

Policy In the consulting industry, ethics play a very important role. Ethics are the baseline for every business decision that is made. For this reason, all employees of the AJ Consulting firm are required to adhere to our strict ethics policy. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Human Resources or any similar topic only for you Order Now AJ Consulting’s ethics policy is based on three areas. These areas are as follows. People AJ Consulting’s employees are the most important asset that we have. All employees will be treated with the highest respect and trust. Management is expected to lead by example and set the tone for our ethics program. They are expected to act and behave in the highest ethical manner. Through these actions they will enforce ethical decision making and guide subordinates through the development process. Open and honest communication is key to providing an environment that supports the development of people and business. All managers have an open door policy for employees to voice any concerns regarding violations of company policy. The Employees are the eyes and ears of AJ Consulting and should be comfortable bringing any violations to the attention of management without fear of retaliation. All reported concerns of unethical behavior will be addressed and investigated in a timely manner, and the findings of the investigation will be shared company wide. The report of findings will be nonspecific to protect the privacy of our employees. We are an equal opportunity employer and take a zero tolerance stance against retaliation and discrimination. This includes all behaviors that are deemed harassing, abusive (both verbal and physical), and offensive. AJ Consulting is dedicated to providing an environment where every employee can unlock and reach their potential. All opportunities for advancement and self-improvement will be offered to all qualified personnel equally, thus allowing the employees of AJ Consulting to reach their full potential. Allowing employees to reach their full potential directly contributes to the success of our business. Employees should contact their manager or human resources if they feel that they have been harassed or discriminated against. Place (community) AJ Consulting is dedicated to improving the community in which we operate. To fulfill our obligation to improve our community, and to better understand our nonprofit customers, all employees will be required to volunteer eight hours per calendar year. Volunteer time can be during business hours and regular wages will be paid by AJ Consulting for this time. We will build trust in the community through our actions and credibility. To gain the public’s trust we will follow through on our commitments and operate with honesty and integrity. Under no circumstances will an employee of AJ Consulting act unethically or immorally without disciplinary action. If questions arise when considering a certain action or business deal consider the following questions. Will this action be perceived favorably by the public? Can AJ Consulting fulfill this commitment? Will this action help build trust within the community? Is this action legal? If you cannot answer yes to these questions, seek guidance from management. Profit AJ Consulting is not in business to make a profit. We make a profit to stay in business. A portion of our profits will be reinvested into our people and our community, thus reinforcing our commitment to the community and our people. No business should be done and profit made thereof, by violating our code of ethics or our high standards of integrity and honesty. Any violation or possible violations should be reported to a member of management. Ethics in Business Dealings While we strive to be competitive in the market; we will offer our services based on quality and ethical business decisions. AJ Consulting will not coordinate any of business decisions with our competitors to create an unfair and unethical advantage in the marketplace. We will also not accept gratuities or gifts from our customers or competitors to gain an advantage. All of our services will be competitively priced based on company guidelines and not outside influences. AJ Consulting will conduct its business in accordance with all applicable laws, regulations, and company policies. To ensure that employees are familiar with and understand these laws and regulations; employees will be required to attend regular update meetings on a quarterly basis. It is every employee’s obligation to see that we are in compliance with governing law and regulations. Managers should be made aware of any violations or possible violations of laws, regulations, or company policies. Managers are then in turn, responsible for investigating any concerns brought to their attention in a timely manner. If the suggested violations are substantiated the manger is then required to take the appropriate steps to correct the violation. Gifts While negotiating a contract with a potential customer, no gifts or gratuities shall be given or received. Business dinners are permissible as long as they do not present the appearance of favoritism or any attempt to influence business decisions. We need to reinforce our reputation as a fair and ethical business and the appearance of favoritism can severely tarnish our reputation. Under no circumstances may an employee of AJ Consulting solicit gifts from their customers. After a contract is awarded, small gifts may be given or received if they are unsolicited and are of menial value. If you have any questions regarding whether or not a gift is appropriate contact a member of the management team to verify if accepting the gift violates company policy. Confidential Customer Information Our customer’s confidentiality is of the upmost importance to AJ Consulting. In order to build a trusting relationship; employees of AJ consulting will under no circumstances, use any information about our customers for the purpose of personal or financial gain. To avoid a conflict of interest, no employee with a vested interest shall make recommendations or consult the organization in which they have stake in. Nor shall any employee divulge any sensitive or confidential information to anyone outside of the company. Our customer’s sensitive information shall be kept secure, and be used for the sole purpose of making recommendations for process improvement. We shall also ensure recommendations do not include our customer’s sensitive information to minimize the risk of leaking such information to the public. Ethics Training Program Within the first 90 days of employment, all new hires will attend an initial ethics training. This training will be facilitated by the Human Resources Department with the support of the employee’s first line supervisor. During the initial training the President and Chief Operating Officer of AJ Consulting will discuss the importance of ethics in the consulting industry. The human resources department will inform the new hire of the policies and procedures of AJ Consulting’s ethics program. Included in this training will be an overview of the laws and regulations that govern the consulting industry, AJ Consulting’s position on ethics, proper use and disposal of sensitive information, how to file an ethics complaint, resources available for ethics questions, and the disciplinary consequences of ethics violations. After the initial ethics training employees will be given and annual refresher training. The annual refresher training will cover all ethics violations or potential violations and how they affected the company and its reputation. Role playing will be used to evaluate how well employees understand the ethics program and how they use this knowledge in real life situations. The training will also update the employee on new rules and regulations governing the consulting industry. It will also review the disciplinary actions that may result from ethics violations. The violation reporting procedures and resources for ethics questions will be updated and passed on during the annual refresher training. Reporting Suspected Ethics Violations AJ Consulting takes the issue of ethics very seriously. That is why it is the responsibility of every employee of AJ Consulting to report all actual and suspected ethics violations in a timely manner. The likelihood of diverting a crisis is dramatically increased if we can respond to potential violations quickly. We have developed a quick and anonymous way for our employees to report ethics violations. If you wish to report an ethics violation anonymously we have set up an ethics hotline. The number for the ethics hotline is (800)ajethics. This hotline will direct you to our ethics officer during business hours. If you are calling outside regular business hours you will be directed to their voicemail. We have also setup an email account for those personnel who prefer to report ethics violations this way. The email address is ethics@ajconsulting. com. You will receive a response within 48 hours of submitting a violation. The third way of reporting is by contacting any member of management or any member of the ethics compliance committee. Remember when reporting a violation, supply us with as detailed information as you can. This information should include dates, times, names, and companies. While all of this information is not required to file a complaint, it will help us investigate the issue. We do understand that ethics can be confusing, so if you have any questions about ethics or how ethics is applied in a given situation please reach out to our ethics officer who is also our human resources manager. If they cannot provide you with an answer they will research the situation and respond as quickly as possible. Monitoring the Ethics Program AJ Consulting is dedicated to providing the most efficient and stable work environment possible. Since a solid ethics program is the basis for our core values it is very important for us to monitor and evaluate how effective this program is. Monitoring and auditing our ethics program allows us to become proactive in preventing ethical and illegal misconduct whereby the public’s trust and the company’s reputation may be damaged beyond repair. To fulfill this requirement AJ Consulting has implemented a compliance committee. The committee will consist of the president, chairman of the board of directors, human resources manager, and the accounting manager. They will be in charge of evaluating all aspects of this program. Quarterly first line supervisors will observe 10% of their employees. During the observation the supervisor should note any behaviors or decisions that could be seen as unethical. The observation should be documented and turned into the human resources department. Semiannually they will review all financial documents to ensure they are complete and accurate. They will look for any anomalies in the financial documents and investigate any discrepancies. The compliance committee will also verify that all financial reports are filed on time and give an accurate view of our company. Under no circumstance is it permissible to file reports that are misleading or false. Annually the committee will send out a workplace survey to gain the employee’s perspective. These surveys will be anonymous in order to allow employees to question or comment on any decision making or instances that they feel may be unethical. No place on this survey shall it ask for any information that may identify the person filling out the survey. This will allow honest and open feedback without the fear of retaliation. The compliance committee will review the annual training attendance, roll playing, supervisor observations, financial reports, and employee surveys and compile a state of ethics report that will be kept on record. This will allow AJ Consulting to look for trends in our ethical behavior and ensure that we are on the path to success and allow us to reevaluate and adjust our program as necessary. Biannually AJ Consulting will contract an outside agency to audit and evaluate our ethics program. They will look at our financial records, ethics reports, and reported violations to provide an unbiased assessment of our ethics program. AJ Consulting will use our internal audits and external audits to improve the ethics program and align our values, mission statement, and direction with ethics. Summary While every manager is responsible for the day to day ethics at AJ Consulting, every employee is responsible for doing business in an ethical manner every time. Under no circumstance is it permissible to conduct yourself in an unethical manner. We have assembled an ethics compliance committee that consists of the president, chairman of the board of directors, accounting manager, and human resources manager. The human resources manager is also the ethics officer for AJ Consulting. If you have any questions about ethics please contact one of these members. How to cite Ethics and Human Resources, Papers

Development Through Life Stages free essay sample

Life begins with conception. A woman normally produces one egg cell each month, roughly two weeks after the last menstrual period. This egg can then be fertilized if sexual intercourse takes place while the egg is in the fallopian tube. Fertilization means that the genetic material in the sperm joins with the genetic material in the egg to start new life. Pregnancy Pregnancy is the period from conception to birth when a woman carries a developing foetus in her uterus. Pregnancy begins when a sperm penetrates an egg. One to one and a half days later, the single fertilized cell begins to divide, after two or three days there are enough cells to make the fertilised egg the size of a pin head. The collection of cells travels to the lining of the uterus where it becomes implanted. At this stage the collection of cells is called an embryo. After eight weeks, the embryo may have grown to between three and four centimetres, has a recognizable heart bear ad the beginnings of eyes, ears, a mouth, legs and arms. At this stage the growing organism is called a foetus. During the final seven months before birth, all the organs continue to develop. By twenty weeks, the foetus will have reached about the half the length of the baby at birth, by thirty two weeks, the foetus will be about half its birth weight. Birth and Infancy Usually about nine months after conception the baby will be born. The new born babe has to take easily digestible food such as mothers milk in the first weeks in order to grow. A new born baby does not have a fully developed brain but can usually hear sounds, tell differences in the way things taste, identify the smell of their own mother or carer. Infants are born with various temporary and primitive reflexes such as: turning their head towards any touch on the cheek. This helps the baby get the nipple into their mouth to feed, if you place your finger in the palm of the babys hand, they will grasp your finger tightly, this is called the grasp reflex, if a baby is startled they will throw their hands and arms outwards, arching the back and straightening their legs, this is called the startle reflex, if a new born baby is help upright with their feet touching the ground, they will begin to make movements as if trying to walk, this reflex is called the walking reflex. Babies are helpless when it comes to muscle co-ordination and control. Babies cant hold up their head, roll over, sit up, or use their hands to move objects deliberately. Despite their muscular inability, babies have the ability to recognise and interact with people. Babies prefer the sound of human voices to other sounds and soon learn to recognise their mothers voice. Babies are born with the natural ability to sense objects. The sensorimotor stage is a stage when thinking is limited to sensing objects and performing motor actions. Jean Piaget, a Swiss development psychologist believed that a baby would not have a working system for remembering and thinking about the world until babies reach about 18 months old. At around 3 months infants begin to make babbling noises as they learn to control the muscles associated with speech and around 12 months infants begin to imitate sounds made by carers such as ‘da-da’; this develops into the use of single words. At around 2 years infants begin to make two-word statements such as cat goed (using the wrong tense) and the infant begins to build their vocabulary. At around 3 years children begin to make simple sentences such as I want a drink This develops the ability to ask questions but use of the wrong tense still occurs. At around 4 years children begin to use clear sentences that can be understood by strangers. Children can still be expected to make mistakes with their grammar. At 5 years children can speak using full adult grammar. Vocabulary will continue to develop through their whole lives. Social Development for newborn and infants occurs while interacting with carers because they seem to have an in-built tendency to interact with carers. By 2 months they may start smile at human faces, at 3 months infants will respond when adults talk, at five months infants can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people. Infants make their first relationships as they form an emotional attachment to carers. In the later stages of infancy, infants will play alongside other children. Bowlby (1953) argued that infants have an in-built need to form an attachment with a carer. The quality of this attachment may affect emotional development for the rest of the child’s life. Childhood During this stage children grow steadily but extremely rapidly during infancy. By the age of six, a childs head will be ninety per cent of adult, even though the body still has a lot of growing to do. Reproductive organs remain small until the onset of puberty. Childrens practical abilities continue: at the age of two, children may be able to run and climb stairs one step at a time, by age four children may be able to kick and throw objects, by age six or seven, a child may be able to skip and ride a bicycle. The pre-operational stage ( pre-logic ages 2-7) is a stage that Piagit believed that children could no think in a logical way. Piagit explained that pre-operational children connot properly understad how ideas like numbers, mass and volume really work. A child might be able to count to 10 but might not understand what the number 10 really mean. For example if there are two, two litre bottes (and the child wasnt aware of both the bottles containing 2 litres) of water and one of the bottles is longer in length and thin by width and the other is short in length and big in width then a child in this stage might say the two litre bottle longer in length is longer because it is simply longer or taller. The concrete operational stage (7-11 years) can think logically provided the issues at hand are simple logical puzzles. For example if you ask a seven year old a question such as Bill is taller then Bob, but Georgia is smaller than Samantha so who is the tallest? they may find it difficicult to mentaiily imagine the information given to them, this is called abstract logical thinking but if the seven year old was given a picture of Bill, Bob, Georgia and Samantha then they would point out quickly who is the tallest, this type of thinking is called concrete logical thinking. Young children are emotionally attached and dependent on the adults that care for them. Children begin to learn social roles and behaviour within their family. This is called first or primary socialisation. A family environment would provide a safe environment which children can explore social relationships with other children such as co-operative play. As childs age increases, the amount of independence coincides. Children also build relationships built on a sense of mutual trust. Friendships become more important as children grow towards adolescence. Even before children reach adolesence they may start to form a circle of friends that share common interests and agree with each other. Children use their imagination to begin to understand the social roles that other people play. Children begin to imagine an idea of themselves or a me. Relationships between family members may influence a childs amount of self-worth. The way way that a child gets on with teachers and friends may influence their self-confidence. These factors can ultimately develop a childs permanent sense of confidence and high amount of self worth or a sense of failure and inferiority. At around 3 years children begin to make simple sentences such as I want a drink This develops the ability to ask questions but use of the wrong tense still occurs. At around 4 years children begin to use clear sentences that can be understood by strangers. Children can still be expected to make mistakes with their grammar. At 5 years children can speak using full adult grammar. Vocabulary will continue to develop through their lives, this is of course unless their mental capacity deteriorates as they reach the end of their lives.